Felix Schalk

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About Felix Schalk:

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SEEK ID: https://data.chembiosys.de/people/117

Location: Germany

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Joined: 1st Feb 2021

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A06

ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF NOVEL BIOMOLECULES FROM THE MUTUALISTIC FOOD FUNGUS AND ASSOCIATED MICROBES OF FUNGUS-GROWING TERMITES

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Start date: 1st Jun 2018

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Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute

Country: Germany

City: Jena

Web page: http://www.leibniz-hki.de

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The Termite Fungal Cultivar Termitomyces Combines Diverse Enzymes and Oxidative Reactions for Plant Biomass Conversion.

A06

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Macrotermitine termites have domesticated fungi in the genus Termitomyces as their primary food source using predigested plant biomass. To access the full nutritional value of lignin-enriched plant … biomass, the termite-fungus symbiosis requires the depolymerization of this complex phenolic polymer. While most previous work suggests that lignocellulose degradation is accomplished predominantly by the fungal cultivar, our current understanding of the underlying biomolecular mechanisms remains rudimentary. Here, we provide conclusive omics and activity-based evidence that Termitomyces employs not only a broad array of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) but also a restricted set of oxidizing enzymes (manganese peroxidase, dye decolorization peroxidase, an unspecific peroxygenase, laccases, and aryl-alcohol oxidases) and Fenton chemistry for biomass degradation. We propose for the first time that Termitomyces induces hydroquinone-mediated Fenton chemistry (Fe(2+) + H2O2 + H(+) --> Fe(3+) + (*)OH + H2O) using a herein newly described 2-methoxy-1,4-dihydroxybenzene (2-MH2Q, compound 19)-based electron shuttle system to complement the enzymatic degradation pathways. This study provides a comprehensive depiction of how efficient biomass degradation by means of this ancient insect's agricultural symbiosis is accomplished. IMPORTANCE Fungus-growing termites have optimized the decomposition of recalcitrant plant biomass to access valuable nutrients by engaging in a tripartite symbiosis with complementary contributions from a fungal mutualist and a codiversified gut microbiome. This complex symbiotic interplay makes them one of the most successful and important decomposers for carbon cycling in Old World ecosystems. To date, most research has focused on the enzymatic contributions of microbial partners to carbohydrate decomposition. Here, we provide genomic, transcriptomic, and enzymatic evidence that Termitomyces also employs redox mechanisms, including diverse ligninolytic enzymes and a Fenton chemistry-based hydroquinone-catalyzed lignin degradation mechanism, to break down lignin-rich plant material. Insights into these efficient decomposition mechanisms reveal new sources of efficient ligninolytic agents applicable for energy generation from renewable sources.

Authors: F. Schalk, C. Gostincar, N. B. Kreuzenbeck, B. H. Conlon, E. Sommerwerk, P. Rabe, I. Burkhardt, T. Kruger, O. Kniemeyer, A. A. Brakhage, N. Gunde-Cimerman, Z. W. de Beer, J. S. Dickschat, M. Poulsen, C. Beemelmanns

Date Published: 15th Jun 2021

Publication Type: Journal

PubMed ID: 34126770

Citation: mBio. 2021 Jun 15:e0355120. doi: 10.1128/mBio.03551-20.

Created: 28th Jun 2021 at 10:44

GNPS-guided discovery of xylacremolide C and D, evaluation of their putative biosynthetic origin and bioactivity studies of xylacremolide A and B.

A06

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Targeted HRMS(2)-GNPS-based metabolomic analysis of Pseudoxylaria sp. X187, a fungal antagonist of the fungus-growing termite symbiosis, resulted in the identification of two lipopeptidic congeners of …

Authors: F. Schalk, J. Fricke, S. Um, B. H. Conlon, H. Maus, N. Jager, T. Heinzel, T. Schirmeister, M. Poulsen, C. Beemelmanns

Date Published: 24th May 2021

Publication Type: Journal

PubMed ID: 34046176

Citation: RSC Adv. 2021 May 24;11(31):18748-18756. doi: 10.1039/d1ra00997d.

Created: 31st May 2021 at 11:27

Polyhalogenation of Isoflavonoids by the Termite-Associated Actinomadura sp. RB99.

A06

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Based on high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HR-MS(2)) and global natural products social molecular networking (GNPS), we found that plant-derived daidzein and genistein derivatives are polyhalogenated …

Authors: S. Rak Lee, F. Schalk, J. W. Schwitalla, R. Benndorf, J. Vollmers, A. K. Kaster, Z. W. de Beer, M. Park, M. J. Ahn, W. H. Jung, C. Beemelmanns, K. H. Kim

Date Published: 23rd Oct 2020

Publication Type: Journal

PubMed ID: 32946237

Citation: J Nat Prod. 2020 Oct 23;83(10):3102-3110. doi: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00676. Epub 2020 Sep 18.

Created: 5th Feb 2021 at 10:51

Targeted Discovery of Tetrapeptides and Cyclic Polyketide-Peptide Hybrids from a Fungal Antagonist of Farming Termites.

A06

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Herein, we report the targeted isolation and characterization of four linear nonribosomally synthesized tetrapeptides (pseudoxylaramide A-D) and two cyclic nonribosomal peptide synthetase-polyketide …

Authors: F. Schalk, S. Um, H. Guo, N. B. Kreuzenbeck, H. Gorls, Z. W. de Beer, C. Beemelmanns

Date Published: 15th Oct 2020

Publication Type: Journal

PubMed ID: 32470183

Citation: Chembiochem. 2020 Oct 15;21(20):2991-2996. doi: 10.1002/cbic.202000331. Epub 2020 Jul 2.

Created: 3rd Feb 2021 at 15:58

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